July 6th is:

U.S. Currency Day *

International Kissing Day

Hand Roll (Sushi) Day *

National Fried Chicken Day

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MORE! Jan Hus, Bessie Head and Earl Warren, click

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WORLD FESTIVALS AND NATIONAL HOLIDAYS

Cayman Islands – Constitution Day

Comoros – Independence Day

Czech Republic – Jan Hus Day *

Kazakstan – Day of the Capital

Lithuania – Statehood and
King Mindaugas’ Coronation Day *

Malawi – Independence Day

Peru – Teachers’ Day

Sweden – National Day

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On This Day in HISTORY

371 BC – Battle of Leuctra: The Boeotian League, which had been disbanded by the Spartans, is re-formed under Theban general Epaminondas. So Spartan King Cleombrotus I leads the Spartans to war, initially outwitting their enemies by marching through tough, hilly country to take the fortress of Creusis by surprise, but then they met the Boeotian army at Leuctra. In spite of having a smaller force, Epaminondas used them effectively, pushing the Spartan cavalry back into their infantry, disrupting an attempt by Cleombrotus to outflank the Theban left column, and massing his own cavalry and infantry in a 50-deep column formation that reversed the usual battle order, putting his most experienced troops, with the Sacred Band of Thebes as the front line, in direct opposition to the Spartan’s 16-deep column of veterans, and hurling them back, killing hundreds of Sparta’s most experienced soldiers, and their king. Sparta’s military superiority was broken, altering the Greek city-states balance of power

1189 – Richard the Lionheart becomes King Richard I of England

1253 – Mindaugas, first Grand Duke of Lithuania, is crowned as the first (and only) King of a unified Lithuania – King Mindaugas’ Coronation Day * an official holiday since 1991

1348 – When popular opinion blames the Jews for the Black Plague in Europe, Pope Clement VI issues the first of two papal bulls which condemn violence against the Jews. The pope says those who blame the plague on Jews have been seduced by the Devil’s lies, and urges clergy to protect the Jews as he has done

1387 – Blanche I of the House of Évreux born, Queen consort (1402-1409) of Sicily (1402-1415), and served as regent during her husband’s absence (1404-1405), then as Queen (1410-1415) after the death of his successor, during the years of unsettled succession, until Ferdinand I of Aragon was victorious, and Sicily was annexed to Aragon. She then returned to Navarre, and was sworn in as heir to the throne, and given allegiance by the lords. She was Queen regnant of Navarre from the death in 1425 of her father King Charles III until her own death in 1441

1411 – Ming Dynasty Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after the third treasure voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor, the third Ming ruler of China

1415 – Jan Hus, Czech priest, Bohemian Reformation seminal theorist and predecessor to Protestantism, is burned at the stake for heresy; commemorated as Jan Hus Day * His execution sets off the Hussite Wars, in which his followers defeat five consecutive papal crusades (1420-1431)

1483 – Richard III is crowned King of England

1484 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão reaches the mouth of the Congo River

1535 – Sir Thomas More is executed for treason against King Henry VIII of England

1560 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is drawn up between Commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I of England with the assent of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation, and the French representatives of King Francis II of France (husband of Mary Queen of Scots) to formally conclude the Siege of Leith and replace the Auld Alliance with France with a new Anglo-Scottish accord, while maintaining the peace between England and France as agreed by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

1573 – The Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573) ends, a massive military assault on the Huguenot-held city of La Rochelle by French Catholic troops during the fourth phase of the French Wars of Religion

1630 – Thirty Years’ War: Four thousand Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany, to support and protect German Protestants

1699 – Pirate Captain William Kidd is arrested in Boston MA

1701 – Lady Mary Tufton, daughter of the 6^th Earl of Thanet, a notable philanthropist, was named as his executrix and administrator of the trust he established to provide for charities, including a school for poor children. Her first husband, Anthony Grey, Earl of Harold, choked to death just five years after their marriage in 1718. In 1730, Mary, Countess of Harold, was one of the aristocratic women who signed the ‘Ladies’ Petition for the Establishment of the Foundling Hospital’ to King George II, to establish a safe haven for abandoned babies and children. Her second marriage was to the 1^st Earl of Gower in 1736. She provided financial support to other charities, including almshouses  in Vauxhall for seven poor widows, which she had repaired and for which she purchased shares to provide them with an ongoing income, as well as a school for poor children in Brighton. One hundred and forty years after her death, these charities were still known as ‘the Countess of Gower’s Charity’. Mary also provided additional income for clergy livings at several churches in Lancashire and Cumbria, for which she was remembered as “that great friend of poor livings.” She lived to the age of 83

1775 – The Second Continental Congress issues a “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms,” in which the colonists promise to lay down their arms when their grievances have been addressed and their liberties secured, but also indicate that the colonies may obtain foreign aid against Britain.

1776 – The American Declaration of Independence is announced on front page of the Pennsylvania Evening Gazette

1785 – National Dollar Day * – U.S. Congress designates “dollar” and decimal coinage as U.S. currency

1798 – The U.S. is on the verge of war with France, and the Federalist-controlled Congress passes the Alien Enemies Act, one of four acts increasing press regulations and restrictions against aliens. The Alien Enemies Act is later used by the Roosevelt administration during WWII as the basis for incarcerating Japanese Americans

1799 – Louisa Caroline Huggins Tuthill born, American author of books for children and young women, as well as non-fiction. Her husband died in 1825, leaving her a 29-year-old widow with four children, and she began to contribute anonymously to literary periodicals. Her writing first appeared under her own name in 1839, as contributor-editor of a collection entitled The Young Ladies’ Reader, which became very popular, and went through several editions. She followed this success with The Young Ladies Home, a collection of tales and essays to complete a young lady’s education after leaving school, which was also frequently reprinted. Her series of books for books and girls between 1844 and 1850 were even more popular at the time. But her most enduring work has been History of Architecture from the Earliest Times (1848), the first history of architecture to be published in the U.S.

1823 – Sophie Adlersparre born, a pioneer of the 19^th century Swedish women’s rights movement. She was the founder and editor of the first women’s magazine in Scandinavia, Home Review (Tidskrift för hemmet – 1859-1885); co-founder of Friends of Handicraft  (Handarbetets vänner – 1874-1887); was editor-in-chief of the magazine Dagne (1886-1888), and founder of the Fredrika Bremer Association (Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet) in 1884. She also wrote under the pen-name Esselde. Adlersparre one of the first two women to be a member of a state committee in Sweden, when she became a member of the Girls School Committee of 1885 (Flickskolekommittén). She was not much concerned with woman suffrage – Swedish women gained partial suffrage, able to vote in municipal elections, in 1862.  She campaigned for women’s access to education and the professions, so that they could be financially independent. She wrote: “Women need work, and work needs women.” In 1862, she began organizing evening classes for women to educate them as professionals, and in 1863, established a secretarial bureau which became a successful  employment agency. In 1864, she petitioned the Swedish parliament to allow women to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts on equal terms with men. At the time, the Academy only allowed a few women to study there, under a special dispensation. Adlersparre’s petition led to a debate in parliament, and a reform later that year, which allowed women to study at the Academy on the same terms as men. In 1866, she co-founded the Stockholm Reading Parlor (Stockholms läsesalong), a free library for women. She was involved in successful campaigns for women’s access to university education, through legislation passed between 1870 and 1873, and state support for secondary schools for girls (1874)

1840 – German playwright Christian Friedrich Hebbel makes his reputation by writing his misogynistic play Judith, a reinterpretation of the biblical story to reflect the 19^th century view of a “woman’s place,” turning Judith into a vengeful femme fatale who beheads Holofernes because he rapes her after her allure drives him mad. Hebbel, born in financially uncertain circumstances, had only been able to attend the University of Hamburg because of the patronage of Amailie Schoppe, a popular writer of the day. In 1846, he broke off his long-time relationship with Elise Lensing, who remained faithful to him for the rest of his life, and married instead the wealthy and beautiful actress Christine Enghaus, claiming, “a man’s first duty is to the most powerful force within him, that which alone can give him happiness and be of service to the world.” As Shakespeare put it: “Blow, blow, thou winter wind,/Thou art not so unkind/As man’s ingratitude . . .”

Judith Beheading Holofernes – by Artemisia Gentileschi

1848 – The Mexican-American war ends with the Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo

1853 – Opening day of the Colored National Convention, held for three days in Rochester NY; Frederick Douglass is the representative for the state of New York

1853 – William Wells Brown’s Clotel is the first novel published by an African American

1865 – The first issue of The Nation magazine is published

1885 – Louis Pasteur successfully tests his anti-rabies vaccine on Joseph Meister, a boy bitten by a rabid dog

1887 – Annette Kellerman born, Australian professional swimmer, one of the first women to wear a one-piece bathing suit, inspiring others to follow her example. As she put it, “I can’t swim wearing more stuff than you hang on a clothesline.”

Annette Kellerman, circa 1910

1892 – Filipino Nationalist and Novelist José Rizal forms La Liga Filpina, an activist group for reforms, in Manila on July 3; on July 6, Rizal is arrested and then deported

1892 – Dadabhai Naoroji is elected as first Indian Member of Parliament in Britain

Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji, by V.R. Rao

1892 – The Homestead Strike: Unionized steelworkers at the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead PA had won a favorable three-year contract after going on strike in 1889, but Andrew Carnegie was determined to break the union. His plant manager Henry Clay Frick stepped up production demands in 1892, then started locking out workers who refused to accept the new conditions. Then all of the plant’s workers are discharged on July 2, 1892, even though only skilled workers were members of the union. With little to lose, 3800 workers joined the strike called by the union. On July 6, three hundred Pinkerton agents, hired by Frick and armed with Winchester rifles, fought the huge crowd of steelworkers, leaving ten strikers and seven Pinkertons dead, and over two dozen wounded from both sides. The Pinkertons, overwhelmed, are forced to surrender. The local sheriff appeals to Governor Stone of Pennsylvania, who sends 8000 militia on July 12. The militiamen protect strikebreakers brought in to get the plant running again; by November, the strike ends with the union broken

1898 – President McKinley had signed a ‘treaty of annexation’ to take over Hawaii in 1897, but it failed to gain the two-thirds majority required in the Senate. Now, the U.S. Senate passes the Newlands Resolution already passed by the House of Representatives, which only required a majority vote in both houses, and McKinley signs it on July 7^th. No Native Hawaiians were consulted

1899 – Susannah Mushatt Jones born, African American daughter of sharecroppers, who worked in the fields with her family, but graduated in 1923 from the Calhoun Boarding High School, and was accepted to the Tuskegee Institute’s Teacher’s Program, but was unable to pay the tuition, so she moved to New York City instead, where she took care of the children of wealthy families for $7 a week. She helped several members of her family get started when they came to New York after she did. She also set aside some of her earnings to establish the Calhoun Club, a college scholarship fund for African-American students at her old high school. She lived to the age of 116 years, 311 days, becoming the world’s oldest living person, and the last living American born in the 19^th century

1900 – Frederica Sagor Maas born as the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants, American screenwriter, memoirist and author; became a story editor at Universal Pictures’ New York office in 1918, and was head of the department by 1923. In 1924, she moved to Hollywood, and went to work for MGM writing scripts, usually assigned to work with other writers, but her co-authors often took credit for her work, and her contract was not renewed. After that, she and her husband Ernest Maas sometimes worked together and pitched scripts to Fox and Paramount, with hit-or-miss success. After they lost most of their money in the 1929 stock market crash, they moved back to New York, then back out to Hollywood, but their indifferent success combined with some of their best story ideas suddenly re-appearing with other names as the authors, made them change careers. She became an insurance broker, and he was a story editor and ghost writer until he died in 1986. Urged by film historian Kevin Brownlow, she published her autobiography, The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood, at age 99, then lived to be 111

1907 – Frida Kahlo born, Mexican surrealist painter, best-known for her portraits, especially her self-portraits, but also known for works inspired by artifacts considered emblematic of national and indigenous tradition

1908 – Robert Peary’s North Pole expedition sails from New York Harbor

Peary’s expedition ship, the Roosevelt

1912 – Molly Yard born in China to Methodist missionaries, American feminist and social activist; after graduating from Swarthmore College, she worked on several Democratic candidates’ political campaigns, including Helen Gahagan Douglas’ run for the U.S. Senate against Richard Nixon, who won by savaging Gahagan Douglas as a commie pinko, and later led the Western Pennsylvania presidential campaigns for John F. Kennedy and George McGovern. She co-founded the liberal lobbying organization Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1974, and was on its national staff by 1978, lobbying and fundraising for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratification campaign in Washington. She a senior staff member on the NOW Political Action Committee (1978-1984), then NOW’s political director (1985-1987), defeating anti-choice referendums in Arkansas, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Oregon. Yard became NOW president (1987- 1991), and was one of the banner-carriers for the March for Women’s Lives in 1989, which drew 600,000 marchers to Washington. She was honored with the Feminist Majority Foundation’s Lifetime Achievement Award

1917 – T.E. Lawrence and Auda ibu Tayi lead Arab forces to capture Aqaba

Auda ibu Tayi

1923 – The Central Executive Committee accepts the Treaty of Union, signed in December of 1922, and the Russian Empire becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

1926 – Dorothy E. Smith born, Canadian sociologist, whose work covers women’s studies and feminist theory, family relationships, education and methodology; noted for developing institutional ethnology, a study of the social relations of actual people in everyday life (she described it as a “sociology for, not of the people”), and her contributions to the standpoint theory, the idea that hierarchies create ignorance at the top about social problems which those at the bottom understand from direct experience. Her research questioned the methods and theories of sociology up the 1970s, which she found were based on the male-dominated social structure, and overlooked women and minorities

1927 – Janet Leigh born as Jeanette Helen Morrison, American actress and author; she had a career in Hollywood which spanned five decades, making her film debut at the age of 20, after doing some radio programs. She is best remembered for her role in Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho, but performed in other notable films, including  Little Women (1949 version), Scaramouche, Touch of Evil, and The Manchurian Candidate. She was a life-long Democrat, who appeared at the 1960 Democratic Convention in support of John F. Kennedy, and also served on the board of directors of the Motion Picture and Television Foundation, a medical services provider for actors. Leigh was the author of two novels, House of Destiny, and The Dream Factory; a memoir of her acting years entitled There Really Was a Hollywood; and Psycho: Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller. She died at age 77 in 2004, after a battle with vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels

1929 – Hélène Carrère d’Encausse born, French political historian of Georgian ancestry, specializing in Russian history; elected to seat 14 of the Académie française in 1990, and  the Académie’s Perpetual Secretary in 1999; member of the European Parliament (1994-1999) for the right wing Conservative party RPR. Awarded the Polish Lomonosov Gold Medal in 2008 and Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in 2011

1932 – First class U.S. postage goes up to 3 cents

1935 – Tenzin Gyatso, future 14th Dalai Lama, is born

1937 – Bessie Emery Head, writer born in South Africa to a wealthy white South African woman and a black servant when interracial relationships were illegal; her mother’s family claimed their daughter was mentally ill, and sent her away to give birth without the neighbors knowing. After her mother killed herself, she was raised by foster parents and later in a mission orphanage. Qualifying as a teacher, she taught briefly, then became a journalist for The Golden City Post and Drum magazine (1958-1959), joined the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in 1960, and married Harold Head in 1961. In 1964, she left South Africa with her son, and sought asylum in the Bechuanaland Protectorate (which is now Botswana); she settled in Serowe, where she would set most of her novels and short stories; after 15 years, she became a Botswana citizen. Noted for her novels When Rains Cloud Gather, Maru, and A Question of Power. She died from hepatitis at age 48, just as she was starting to be recognized as a writer

1942 – Anne Frank and her family go into hiding in the “Secret Annexe” above her father’s office in an Amsterdam warehouse

1945 – Nicaragua becomes the first nation to ratify the United Nations Charter

1947 – The AK-47 goes into production in the Soviet Union

1957 – Chief Justice Earl Warren delivers the principle address at the dedication ceremonies for the Harry S. Truman Library

1951 – Lorna Golding born; Jamaican businesswoman and National Labour Party member; after completing school at New York Business Institute, she worked for the office of British and Africa Affairs, and the United Kingdom and Supply delegation, a subsidiary of the British Consulate. She later worked for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and with the Sierra Leone Mission to the United Nations. When her husband, Bruce Golding became Prime Minister of Jamaica, she was First Lady of Jamaica (2007-2011)

1952 – Dame Hilary Mantel born, English author of historical fiction, short stories and memoirs; she won the Booker Prize twice: in 2009 for her novel Wolf Hall, and in 2012 for Bring Up the Bodies. She is the first woman to receive the Booker Prize twice. Her 1983 short story, “The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher: 6 August 1983,” was controversial, and allies of Thatcher called for a police investigation, to which Mantel responded, her fictional murder “bringing in the police for an investigation was beyond anything I could have planned or hoped for, because it immediately exposes them to ridicule”.

1960 – Maria Wasiak born, Polish politician and civil servant; a founding member of the Democratic Union, then headed the regional branch of the Freedom Union party (1995-1997); deputy-voivode of the Radom Voivodeship (governmental administrative division); President of Polskie Koleje Państwowe (PKP – the Polish State Railways – 2011-2012); Minister of Infrastucture and Development of Poland (2014-2015)

1964 – The Beatles’ film, A Hard Day’s Night, premieres in London

1964 – Malawi, formerly Nyasaland, declares its independence from the UK

1967 – Nigerian Civil War/Biafran War: Nigerian forces invade the Republic of Biafra, which had broken away from the Federal Republic of Nigeria at the end of May, 1967, following a series of military coups which concentrated much of Nigeria’s political power with the Igbo people in Northern Nigeria. After the deaths of as many as three million people in Biafra, large numbers of them children who died of starvation, the war ended in January 1970, with Biafra surrendering and rejoining Nigeria

1970 – California passes the nation’s first “no fault” divorce law

1971 – President Nixon authorizes a “special investigations” unit, dubbed the “Plumbers,” to root out and seal leaks to the media; their first target is Daniel Ellsberg – they burglarize the office of Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, looking for information the White House can use to smear Ellsberg’s character and undermine his credibility

1976 – Ioana Dumitriu born in Romania, Romanian-American mathematician and academic; her research work includes the theory of random matrices, numerical analysis, scientific computing, and game theory. She was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, for making one of the top five scores at the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, and won the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award as the top woman in the contest in 1995, 1996, and 1997, a record she alone held for the next ten years, until it was equaled by Alison Miller. In 2012, she was one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society

1983 – U.S. Supreme Court, by a 5-4 vote, rules in Arizona Governing Comm. v. Norris that the longer life of women as a group compared with men as a group does not permit insurance companies, as part of employer-sponsored retirement plans, to pay lower monthly annuity benefits to women

1993 – U.S. Postal Service releases 29-cent stamps honoring four Broadway musicals: My Fair Lady, Porgy and Bess, Show Boat and Oklahoma! 

1994 – The movie Forrest Gump, starring Tom Hanks in the title role, is released

2014 – The California Highway Patrol is promising a thorough investigation of the videotaped beating of a black woman by a uniformed officer beside a Los Angeles freeway. A CHP spokesman said the officer was trying to restrain the woman after she reportedly walked onto Interstate 10, posing a danger to herself and to motorists. Family members said Marlene Pinnock suffered multiple injuries and that her civil rights were violated in the incident, which was captured on cellphone video by a passing driver. The video shows Pinnock, 51, struggling to get up as the officer punches her repeatedly in the face until an off-duty officer arrives and helps him handcuff her. The officer involved is on leave. Her family plans to sue. According to a District Attorney’s Office charge-evaluation worksheet, prosecutors decided there was “insufficient evidence” to prove that the officer used unreasonable force, and the office declined to file charges. The officer resigned from the department when the CHP reached a $1.5 million settlement with Marlene Pinnock. Pinnock’s attorney, Caree Harper, said that District Attorney Jackie Lacey’s decision not to file charges was “a cowardly, disgusting decision by a district attorney who has shown no regard for a community of people who have been beaten by bad officers,” Harper told City News Service. “She should be removed ASAP, and an independent counsel should be appointed to investigate whenever there is a police beating of a citizen.”

picture from video taken by motorist David Diaz
of CHP officer beating Marlene Pinnock 

2016 – The UK’s Iraqi War Inquiry, the Chilcot Report, is released. The report concludes that Prime Minister Tony Blair deliberately overstated the threat posed by Saddam Hussein; committed British troops before all peaceful options for disarmament had been exhausted; pledged his unqualified backing to U.S. President George W. Bush in July 2002, eight months before the Iraq invasion; that the process Blair’s cabinet used for determining the war was legal was “perfunctory,” the grounds were “unclear” and no formal record was made of the decision; British intelligence agencies produced “flawed information” about alleged Iraqi weapons of mass destruction; and the British military was seriously “ill-equipped” and the planning “wholly inadequate” for the invasion; and Blair never identified which ministers were to be responsible for postwar planning, contributing to strategic failure and safety risks for personnel before and during withdrawal

2018 – The Trump administration could not find the parents of 38 migrant children under the age of 5 who were separated from their families at the border, government lawyers admitted in court. Half of the children’s parents have already been deported, and half have been released into the United States. U.S. District Judge Dana Sabraw of the Southern District of California said the July 10 deadline to reunite 101 young migrant children with their families, including these 38, may be extended if the administration provides a list of all 101 children and their parents’ status within 24 hours

2019 – Hand Roll (Sushi) Day * launched in honor of the birthday of Chef Nozawa, who introduced the Japanese sushi hand roll to the United States

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